Jasper Gerretsen – Museum Benin stap dichterbij + Kate Brown – Europe’s Largest Museums Will Loan Looted Benin Bronzes to Nigeria’s Planned Royal Museum

Museum Benin stap dichterbij

Leiden – Met een bloedige strafexpeditie, waarbij duizenden doden vielen maakte Groot-Brittannië in 1897 definitief een einde aan het Koninkrijk Benin, dat ruim zeven eeuwen lang gold als een van de rijkste handelsstaten van West-Afrika. Ruim een eeuw later ligt de buit verspreid over Europese musea.

Bij de val van Benin werden duizenden kunstobjecten geroofd uit de hoofdstad Edo. Al sinds de onafhankelijkheid van Nigeria in 1960, waar ook het grondgebied van het historische koninkrijk onder valt, is de regering bezig om te proberen de geroofde kunst terug te halen.

Om de mogelijkheden te onderzoeken om de geroofde stukken in Nigeria tentoon te stellen werd in 2007 de Benin Dialogue Group opgericht. In deze groep zit een tiental Europese musea, waaronder het Museum van Volkenkunde. Daarnaast nemen ook de Nigeriaanse regering en vertegenwoordigers van de koninklijke familie van Benin deel. De groep kwam op 19 oktober in Leiden voor de vijfde keer bijeen.

Rouleren

Doel van de bijeenkomst in Leiden is het uitwerken van plannen rondom de oprichting van een permanent museum in Benin City, de huidige hoofdstad van de Nigeriaanse staat Edo. Het plan is om het nieuwe museum een roulerende collectie van objecten uit de Europese musea tentoon te laten stellen.

Eindresultaat van het overleg is het oprichten van een sturingscommissie, die toe moet zien op de bouw van het museum in Benin. Dit wordt niet alleen financieel ondersteund, maar de deelnemende musea leveren ook kennis. Hiermee komt het voorgestelde museum een stap dichterbij. Deelnemers spreken van een productieve bijeenkomst.

Recht

Recht technisch is de teruggave van de Nigeriaanse kunstobjecten ingewikkeld. Zo is het voor Britse musea, die publiekelijk gefinancierd worden verboden om voorwerpen uit hun collectie van de hand te doen.

Daarentegen werd in 2007 door de VN de Verklaring van Rechten van Inheemse Volken ondertekend. Die stelt dat staten ernaar moeten streven om kunstobjecten terug te geven aan de oorspronkelijke bevolking. Bovendien stelde de VN Hoge Commissaris voor Mensenrechten, in 2011, dat toegang tot cultureel erfgoed een mensenrecht is.

Verandering

De perceptie van koloniale voorwerpen in Europese musea is aan het veranderen. De Franse president Macron beloofde in 2017, dat Frankrijk zou werken aan de terugkeer van objecten, die tijdens de koloniale periode buit werden gemaakt.

Dit staat in schril contrast met de Verklaring van het Universele Museum, die in 2002 door negentien toonaangevende musea over de hele wereld werd getekend. Hierin werd gesteld, dat objecten. die in de koloniale tijd geroofd waren, alleen in de context van westerse musea tot hun recht konden komen.

Noordhollands Dagblad, 20 oktober 2018

https://www.noordhollandsdagblad.nl/

Europe’s Largest Museums Will Loan Looted Benin Bronzes to Nigeria’s Planned Royal Museum

The agreement marks a significant step in ongoing negotiations between European museums and Nigerian representatives.

Cast brass plaques from Benin City at British Museum (foto Andreas Praefcke/Wikimedia Commons)

Cast brass plaques from Benin City at British Museum (foto Andreas Praefcke/Wikimedia Commons)

Major museums across Europe have agreed to loan important artifacts back to Nigeria for a new museum the country plans to open in 2021. The African nation’s Royal Museum will house a rotating display of artifacts, including the Benin bronzes that were looted during the Benin Expedition of 1897. The agreement marks a significant step after years of negotiations among European institutions and Nigerian authorities.

The announcement came out of a meeting of the Benin Dialogue Group—which includes Nigerian representatives and European museum officials—in the Netherlands at the beginning of the month. Together, museum leaders from Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Britain agreed to facilitate a display at the planned institution within three years. Further specifics—including which objects will be loaned over what period of time—have yet to be confirmed.

“I am happy we are making progress in the effort to give our people the opportunity to once more access our heritage that was looted,” Prince Gregory Akenzua (Enogie of Evbobanosa) says in a statement.

The objects in question were looted by the British army during a so-called “punitive expedition” in 1897. The army took around 4,000 intricate sculptures, including bronze works now known as the Benin bronzes, from the king’s palace in the former Kingdom of Benin.

A century later, the vast majority of these bronzes have ended up in some of the world’s most important museums (https://news.artnet.com/art-world/benin-bronzes-restitution-1322807), including the British Museum in London and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. In June, Godwin Obaseki, the governor of the southern Nigerian state of Edo where Benin city was located, announced that he was in talks with European museums about the possibility of a loan.

Some critics say the current proposal does not go far enough, however. “Returning Benin Bronzes to Nigeria is certainly a step in the right direction as it acknowledges that the European ownership is problematic,” Jürgen Zimmerer, a professor of global history at the University of Hamburg, tells artnet News. “It must not replace a discussion about ownership and restitution, though.”

Christian Kopp of the organization Berlin Postkolonial takes this idea even further. He calls the proposal a result of “shameful power politics,” arguing that “it is us Europeans who should ask for loans—after we have legally restituted all looted African treasures to their rightful owners.”

Exhibition view of “Looted Art? The Benin Bronzes” at MKG in Hamburg (foto Michaela Hille)

Exhibition view of “Looted Art? The Benin Bronzes” at MKG in Hamburg (foto Michaela Hille)

In a statement, the Benin Dialogue Group—which has met periodically since 2007 to discuss the issue—said the loans do not represent the end point in negotiations. The group emphasizes that Nigeria has not waived any claim to outright ownership of the objects. The group will meet again in 2019 in Benin City, Nigeria, before convening in 2020 at the British Museum in London.

Among the museums that are likely to be most affected by these negotiations is the forthcoming Humboldt Forum in Berlin, which is due to open next year (https://news.artnet.com/art-world/humboldt-forum-move-1293233). The collection holds some 580 Benin bronzes. “I am pleased that after years of efforts a way has now been found that all participants can go along with,” says Hermann Parzinger, the president of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, which oversees the Humbolt Forum, in a statement. “It shows how important it is to talk together, to be open, to approach each other and to think in a solution-oriented way.”

Many museum experts will be watching the discussions closely as conversations over the restitution of colonial-era objects (https://www.materialculture.nl/sites/default/files/2018-08/reckoning_with_history_-_report_by_margarita_osipian.pdf) reaches a fever pitch worldwide. “It could be a model for other trans- and international cooperation,” Larissa Föster of the Center for Anthropological Research on Museums and Heritage at the Humboldt Forum tells artnet News. Föster is also a member of a working group that drafted a 136-page document for the German Museums Association (https://news.artnet.com/art-world/germany-colonial-restitution-conduct-1287815) this spring that seeks to reconsider the country’s restitution policies. The group is meeting again this fall to review the document.

French President Emmanuel Macron, meanwhile, has stated that “in the next five years, I want the conditions to be met for the temporary or permanent restitution of African heritage to Africa.”

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artnet News, October 22, 2018

https://news.artnet.com/art-world/benin-dialogue-group-ocotober-2018-1376824