Prefrontal Lobotomy in the Treatment of Mental Disorders (1942)

This Film describes and demonstrates A Prefrontal Lobotomy, an Operative Procedure employed in Mental Disorders Resistive to Other Methods of Treatment. The Procedure consists of Cutting the White Matter in Each Frontal Lobe in the Plane of the Coronal Suture. This passes Just Anterior to the Frontal Horn of the Ventricle and interrupts the Anterior Thalamic Radiation. This Film includes A Written Description of the Procedure, Review of Landmarks on the Skull and Frontal Lobe on A Demonstration Skull and Brain, Operation on A Live Patient, and X Rays taken after the Operation. Filmed with Cooperation of George Washington University.

Learn More about this Film and search its Transcript at NLM Digital Collections http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/8800490A

Learn More about the National Library of Medicine’s Historical Audiovisuals Program at https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/collections/films.html

Reacties
https://youtu.be/TjPwETslJyc

Rosemary Kennedy

For her Mother, See Rose Kennedy.

Rosemary Kennedy
Rosemary Kennedy in 1938, ready to be presented at Buckingham Palace (foto Wikipedia)
Born	Rose Marie Kennedy September 13, 1918 Brookline, Massachusetts, US
Died	January 7, 2005 (aged 86) Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, US
Resting place	Holyhood Cemetery
Education	Convent of the Sacred Heart
Parent(s)	Joseph P Kennedy Sr Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy
Family	Kennedy

Rose Marie “Rosemary” Kennedy, September 13, 1918 – January 7, 2005, was the eldest daughter born to Joseph P Kennedy Sr and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. She was A sister of President John F Kennedy and Senators Robert F and Ted Kennedy.

In her Early Young Adult Years, Rosemary Kennedy experienced seizures and violent mood swings. In Response to these Issues, her Father arranged A Prefrontal Lobotomy for her in 1941 when she was 23 Years of Age. The Procedure left her Permanently Incapacitated and Rendered her Unable to Speak Intelligibly.

Rosemary Kennedy spent Most of the Rest of her Life being Cared for at St Coletta, an Institution in Jefferson, Wisconsin. The Truth about her Situation and Whereabouts was Kept Secret for Decades. While she was Initially Isolated from her Siblings and Extended Family following her Lobotomy, Rosemary did go on to Visit them during her Later Life.

Contents

• (1) Family and Early Life
• (2) Lobotomy
  • (2.1) Aftermath
• (3) Later Life
• (4) See also
• (5) References
• (6) Further Reading
• (7) External Links

Family and Early Life

The Kennedy Family at Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in 1931 with Rosemary on the Far Right

Rose Marie Kennedy was Born at her Parents Home in Brookline, Massachusetts. She was the Third Child and First Daughter of Joseph P Kennedy Sr and Rose Fitzgerald. She was Named after her Mother ^[1] and was Commonly Called Rosemary or Rosie. During her Birth, the Doctor was Not Immediately Available because of an Outbreak of the Spanish influenza Epidemic and the Nurse ordered Rose Kennedy to keep her Legs Closed, forcing the Baby’s Head to Stay in the Birth Canal for Two Hours. The Action resulted in A Harmful Loss of Oxygen. ^[2] As Rosemary began to grow, her Parents Noticed she was Not Reaching the Basic Developmental Steps A Human Normally reaches at A Certain Month or Year. At Two Years Old, she had A Hard Rime Sitting Up, Crawling, and Learning to Walk. ^{[3] [better source needed]}

Accounts of Rosemary’s Life Indicated that she was Intellectually Disabled, ^{[4] [5]} although some have Raised Questions about the Kennedys’ Accounts of the Nature and Scope of her Disability. ^[6] A Biographer wrote that Rose Kennedy did Not Confide in her Friends and that she Pretended her Daughter was Developing Typically, with Relatives Other than the Immediate Family knowing Nothing of Rosemary’s Reported Low IQ. ^{[7] [8]} Despite the Help of Tutors, Rosemary had Trouble Learning to Read and Write. At Age 11, she was sent to A Pennsylvania Boarding School for the Intellectually Disabled. ^[5]

At Age 15, Rosemary was Sent to the Sacred Heart Convent in Elmhurst, Providence, Rhode Island, where she was Educated Separately from the Other Students. Two Nuns and A Special Teacher, Miss Newton, worked with her All Day in A Separate Classroom. The Kennedys gave the School A New Tennis Court for their Efforts. Her Reading, Writing, Spelling, and Counting Skills were Reported to be at A Fourth Grade level. During this Period, her Mother arranged for her Older Brother John to accompany her to A Tea Dance. Thanks to him, she Appeared “Not Different at All” during the Dance. ^[9]

Rosemary read Few Books but could Read Winnie the Pooh. ^[10] DiariesWwritten by her in the Late 1930′s, and Published in the 1980‘s, reveal A Young Woman whose Life was Filled with Outings to the Opera, Tea Dances, Dress Fittings, and other Social Interests. ^[11] Kennedy accompanied her Family to the Coronation of Pope Pius XII in Rome in 1939. She also Visited the White House. ^[6] Kennedy’s Parents told Woman’s Day that she was “Studying to be A Kindergarten Teacher,” and Parents was told that while she had “An Interest in Social Welfare Work, she is Said to Harbor A Secret Longing to Go on the Stage.” When The Boston Globe requested an Interview with Rosemary, her Father’s Assistant prepared A Response which Rosemary Copied Out Laboriously.

“I have Always had Serious Tastes and understand Life is Not Given us Just for Enjoyment. For Some Time Past, I have been Studying the Well Known Psychological Method of Dr Maria Montessori and I got my Degree in Teaching Last Year.” ^[12]

In 1938, Kennedy was Presented as A Debutante to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth at Buckingham Palace during her Father’s Service as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom. ^[13] Kennedy practised the Complicated Royal Curtsy for Hours. At the Event, she Tripped and Nearly Fell. Rose Kennedy Never Discussed the Incident and Treated the Debut as a Triumph. The Crowd made No Sign, and the King and the Queen smiled as if Nothing had Happened. ^[14]

Lobotomy

According to Rosemary’s sister Eunice Kennedy Shriver, when Rosemary returned to the United States from the United Kingdom in 1940, she regressed; Shriver later stated that Rosemary became “‘increasingly irritable and difficult'” at the age of 22.^[8] Rosemary would often experience convulsions^[15] and fly into violent rages in which she would hit and injure others^[5] during this period. After being expelled from a summer camp in western Massachusetts and staying only a few months at a Philadelphia boarding school, Rosemary was sent to a convent school in Washington, D.C.^[5] Rosemary began sneaking out of the convent school at night.^[16] The nuns at the convent thought that Rosemary might be involved with sexual partners, and that she could contract a sexually transmitted disease^[6] or become pregnant.^[17] Her occasionally erratic behavior frustrated her parents; her father was especially worried that Rosemary’s behavior would shame and embarrass the family and damage his and his children’s political careers.^[18][5]

When Rosemary was 23 years old, doctors told her father that a form of psychosurgery known as a lobotomy would help calm her mood swings and stop her occasional violent outbursts.^[19][20] Joseph Kennedy decided that Rosemary should have a lobotomy; however, he did not inform his wife of this decision until after the procedure was completed.^[18][21] The procedure took place in November 1941.^[4][22] In Ronald Kessler’s 1996 biography of Joseph Kennedy, Sins of the Father, James W. Watts, who carried out the procedure with Walter Freeman (both of George Washington University School of Medicine), described the procedure to Kessler as follows:

After Rosemary was mildly sedated, “We went through the top of the head,” Dr. Watts recalled. “I think she was awake. She had a mild tranquilizer. I made a surgical incision in the brain through the skull. It was near the front. It was on both sides. We just made a small incision, no more than an inch.” The instrument Dr Watts used looked like a butter knife. He swung it up and down to cut brain tissue. “We put an instrument inside“, he said. As Dr Watts cut, Dr Freeman asked Rosemary some questions. For example, he asked her to recite the Lord’s Prayer or sing “God Bless America” or count backward (…) “We made an estimate on how far to cut based on how she responded.” When Rosemary began to become incoherent, they stopped. ^[23]

Watts told Kessler that in his opinion, Rosemary did not have “Mental Retardation” but rather had a form of depression. A review of all of the papers written by the two doctors confirmed Watts’ declaration. All of the patients the two doctors lobotomized were diagnosed as having some form of mental disorder. ^[24] Bertram S. Brown, director of the National Institute of Mental Health who was previously an aide to President Kennedy, told Kessler that Joe Kennedy referred to his daughter Rosemary as mentally retarded rather than mentally ill in order to protect John’s reputation for a presidential run, and that the family’s “lack of support for mental illness is part of a lifelong family denial of what was really so”.^[25]

It quickly became apparent that the procedure had not been successful. Kennedy’s mental capacity diminished to that of a two-year-old child. She could not walk or speak intelligibly and was incontinent.^[26]

Aftermath

After the lobotomy, Rosemary was immediately institutionalized. She initially lived for several years at Craig House, a private psychiatric hospital 90 minutes north of New York City.^[27] In 1949, she was relocated to Jefferson, Wisconsin, where she lived for the rest of her life on the grounds of the St. Coletta School for Exceptional Children (formerly known as “St. Coletta Institute for Backward Youth”).^[28] Archbishop Richard Cushing had told her father about St. Coletta’s, an institution for more than 300 people with disabilities, and her father traveled to and built a private house for her about a mile outside St. Coletta’s main campus near Alverno House, which was designed for adults who needed lifelong care.^[29] The nuns called the house “the Kennedy cottage”.^[30] Two Catholic nuns, Sister Margaret Ann and Sister Leona, provided her care along with a student and a woman who worked on ceramics with Rosemary three nights a week.^[31] Rosemary had a car that could be used to take her for rides and a dog which she could take on walks.^[30]

In response to her condition, Rosemary’s parents separated her from her family. Rose Kennedy did not visit her for 20 years.^[18] Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. did not visit his daughter at the institution.^[32] In Rosemary: The Hidden Kennedy Daughter, author Kate Clifford Larson stated that Rosemary’s lobotomy was hidden from the family for 20 years; none of her siblings knew of her whereabouts.^[33] While her older brother John was campaigning for re-election for the Senate in 1958, the Kennedy family explained away her absence by claiming she was reclusive. The Kennedy family did not publicly explain her absence until 1961, after John had been elected president. The Kennedys did not reveal that she was institutionalized because of a failed lobotomy, but instead said that she was deemed “mentally retarded”.^[18][34] In 1961, after Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. had a stroke that left him unable to speak and walk, Rosemary’s siblings were made aware of her location.^[33] Her lobotomy did not become public knowledge until 1987.^[35]

Later Life

Following her father’s death in 1969, the Kennedys gradually involved Rosemary in family life again.^[6] Rosemary was occasionally taken to visit relatives^[33] in Florida and Washington, D.C., and to her childhood home on Cape Cod. By that time, Rosemary had learned to walk again, but did so with a limp. She never regained the ability to speak clearly, and her arm was palsied.^[18] Her condition is sometimes credited as the inspiration for Eunice Kennedy Shriver to later found the Special Olympics,^[18] although Shriver told The New York Times in 1995 that Rosemary was just one of the disabled people she would have over to her house to swim, and that the games should not focus on any single individual.^[36]

Rosemary Kennedy died from natural causes^[37] on January 7, 2005, aged 86,^[38] at the Fort Atkinson Memorial Hospital in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin^[39] with her siblings (sisters Jean, Eunice, and Patricia and brother Ted) by her side.^[38] She was buried beside her parents in Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts.^[40][41]

See Also