Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder

The Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder or the Battle of Texel occurred in the night of the 23 January 1795, and presents a rare occurrence of a “naval” battle between warships and cavalry; a French Hussar regiment surprised a Dutch fleet frozen at anchor between the port of Den Helder and the island of Texel.[1] After an extraordinary charge across the frozen Zuiderzee, the French cavalry captured 14 Dutch ships and 850 guns.[2] This capture of ships by horsemen is a unique feat in military history.[3][4]

The French units were the 8th Hussar Regiment and the 15th Line Infantry Regiment of the French Revolutionary Army. Jean-Charles Pichegru was the leader of the French army that invaded the Dutch Republic. The Dutch fleet was commanded by H. Reintjes. The actual capture was accomplished by Jean-Guillaume de Winter and Louis Joseph Lahure. The action happened during the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars.

Contents
1 Background
2 Capture
3 Results
3.1 Prizes
4 Post script
5 Notes, citations, and references
6 External links

Background
Den Helder is located at the tip of the North Holland peninsula, south of the island of Texel, on what was then the shallow Zuiderzee bay (Dutch for Southern Sea ; cf North Sea). The Zuiderzee has been closed off and partly pumped out in the 20th century, and what is left of it now forms the freshwater IJsselmeer.

During the War of the First Coalition of the French Revolutionary Wars, General of Division Jean-Charles Pichegru was commanding the autumn 1794 campaign during which the conquest of the Netherlands occurred. The French Army entered Amsterdam on the 19 January 1795 to stay there over winter. Well informed, the general found out that a Dutch fleet was anchored at Den Helder, approximately eighty kilometers north from Amsterdam.

The winter of 1794–1795 was exceptionally cold, causing the Zuiderzee to freeze.[5]

Pichegru ordered General of Brigade Jean-Guillaume de Winter to lead a squadron of the 8th Hussar. De Winter had been serving with the French since 1787, and would later command the Dutch fleet in the Battle of Camperdown.

Capture
General de Winter arrived at Den Helder with his troops during the night of the 23 January 1795. The Dutch fleet was there as expected, trapped by ice. Each hussar had brought on the croup of his horse an infantryman of the 15th Line Infantry Regiment. After a careful approach to avoid awakening the Dutch sailors (the hussars had covered the horses’ hooves with fabric[6]), Lieutenant-Colonel Louis Joseph Lahure launched the assault. The ice did not break, and the hussars and infantrymen were able to board the Dutch ships. The French captured the Dutch admiral and the vessels’ crews; the French suffered no casualties.[7]

Results
The capture completed, the French conquest of the Netherlands was brought to an end and the French Army captured 14 warships, 850 guns, and several merchant ships.[8] It is the only time in known military history in which cavalry captured a fleet.[9][10]

Prizes
The ships of the line, frigates, and corvettes received French crews in February 1795. France returned all her prizes to the Batavian Republic in May 1795 against a payment of 100 million Florins.

Ships of the line (5)[11][12]
-Admiraal De Ruyter, 64 guns, 1200 tons, built 1776–1778; captured by British 1799
-Gelderland, 64 guns, 1200 tons, built 1781; captured by British 1799
-Frederik Willem, 64 guns, 1200 tons, built 1788; captured by British 1797
-Princes Louisa, 56 guns, 350 men; possibly captured by the British 1799
-Admiraal Piet Heyn (or Piet Heyn), 56 guns, built 1774; sold to be broken up 1799

Frigates (3)[13][12]
-Monnikendam, 40 guns, 270 men, built in Enkhuizen in 1782; captured by the British 1797
-Argo, 36 guns, launched at Amsterdam in 1791; captured by the British in 1796
-Alliantie, 36 guns, launched at Amsterdam in 1788; captured by the British in 1795

Corvettes (6)[14][12]
-Enkhuizen, 24–26 guns, built in Enkhuizen in 1778–1780; broken up 1800
-Venus, 24–26 guns, built in Amsterdam in 1768; captured by the British 1796
-Echo, 18–24 guns, built in Amsterdam in 1789; wrecked and wreck sold 1796
-Dolphijn, 20–24 guns, completed at Amsterdam in 1780; burnt or captured by British 1799
-Pallas, 20–24 guns, built in Frise in 1781; captured by the British 1797
-Zeepard, 20–24 guns, launched at Amsterdam in 1782; wrecked or broken up 1805

Cutters (4)[15][12]
-Lynx, 12 guns, built in 1784; prize to HMS Circe October 1799
-Snelheid, 8 to 12 guns, built in Frise in 1782; captured by the British 1795
-Valk, 12 to 20 guns, built in Amsterdam in 1770; captured 1799
-Twee, 8 guns

Hulks[16][12]
-Admiraal-Generaal, formerly a 74-gun built in 1763 to 1764; sold 1795
-Amsterdam, formerly a 64-gun built in 1763; sold 1795

Post script
In the Vlieter Incident on 30 August 1799, a squadron of the navy of the Batavian Republic under the command of Rear-Admiral Samuel Story surrendered to the British Royal Navy. The incident occurred during the Anglo-Russian Invasion of Holland. It took place on a sandbank near the channel between Texel and the mainland that was known as De Vlieter, near Wieringen. Two of the vessels the British seized were Admiral de Ruyter and Gelderland.

Notes, citations, and references
Notes
Citations
1.Hérodote, La bataille « navale » du Texel
2.Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z, p.1009
3.Gregory Fremont-Barnes, The French Revolutionary Wars, p.36
4.George McDonald, Frommer’s Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg, p.353
5.Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, “Histoire humaine et comparée du climat Tome 2: Disettes et révolutions 1740–1860” [1]
6.Éditions Chronique, Chronique de la Révolution française
7.Éditions Chronique, Chronique de la Révolution française
8.Éditions Chronique, Chronique de la Révolution française
9.Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z, p.1009
10.Gregory Fremont-Barnes, The French Revolutionary Wars, p.36
11.Demerliac, p.199, no 1512
12.Van Maanen, unpublished manuscript.
13.Demerliac, p.199, no 1513
14.Demerliac, p.199, no 1514
15.Demerliac, p.199, no 1515
16.Demerliac, p.199, no 1516

References
Demerliac, Alain (2004). La Marine de la Révolution: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1792 A 1799 (in French). Éditions Ancre. ISBN 2-906381-24-1.
Van Maanen, Ron, Preliminary list of Dutch naval vessel built or required in the period 1700–1799. Unpublished manuscript.[2]

External links
Erik Durschmied: The Weather Factor – How Nature Has Changed History, Arcade Publishing, New York, 2001, pp. 72–86) ISBN 978-1-55970-558-5, https://books.google.nl/books?id=p0DCud0II74C&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=Marsdiep+1795&source=bl&ots=0rrLHzJxMP&sig=uJZtQJSM6SA4Rvq1_Uot96RRkZk&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y
Jomini, Antoine Henri (1819) Histoire critique et militaire des guerres de la Revolution, (Paris: Anselin et Pochard).
(Dutch) De Jonge, Johannes Cornelius (1869) Geschiedenis van het Nederlandse zeewezen, 3. Auflage, (Zwolle:Hoogstraten & Gorter).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_the_Dutch_fleet_at_Den_Helder